Secesja to kierunek w sztuce końca XIX w i początku XX w. Powstał w opozycji wobec stylów XIX w., których celem było naśladownictwo dawnych form (historycyzm). Słowo secesja oznacza oddzielenie (z łacińskiego seccesio – „odejście”, „oderwanie się”) i jest częścią modernizmu. Natomiast we Francji nazywano ten styl Art Nouveau (Nowa Sztuka). W Niemczech natomiast funkcjonowała nazwa Jugendstil.
Secesja wpisuje się w szersze ramy – modernizmu. Artyści związani z secesją dążyli do integracji dziedzin. Pragnęli bowiem kształtować całe otoczenie człowieka. Powstała zatem architektura, malarstwo, rzeźba, ale przede wszystkim sztuka użytkowa.
Elementy przyrody w sztuce secesji
Poszczególne ośrodki wytworzyły różne odmiany stylistyczne. Na ogół jednak, dominowała płynna, falista linia. Secesja posługuje się także ornamentem roślinnym i zwierzęcym, ponieważ inspiracje czerpane są ze świata przyrody. Stąd dużą popularnością cieszą się słonecznik, lilie, pawie, ważki czy łabędzie. Stosowane są organiczne kształty: łuki, faliste linie. Elementy dekoracyjne zarówno wewnątrz, jak i na zewnątrz mogą być skrupulatnie ozdobione mozaiką, witrażem. Wykorzystuje się szkło oraz fantazyjnie wyginane metale.
Secesyjna kobieta zawdzięcza swoje rysy Bractwu Prerafaelitów, stąd jest melancholijna, ma długie falowane włosy. Inspiracją dla artystów była też sztuka japońska.
Najlepszy okres był między latami 1892 i 1902. W 1900 r. secesja zdominowała Wystawę Światową, która odbywała się w Paryżu. Później nastąpiło przesycenie, można powiedzieć, że masowa produkcja nowych dzieł, aż w końcu secesję zaczęto kojarzyć ze złym gustem.
Czym się charakteryzuje secesja?
- faliste, łagodne linie
- swobodna kompozycja, asymetria,
- bogata ornamentyka
- pastelowe barwy
- motywy wertykalne (drzewa, łodygi, postacie).
Artyści secesyjni
- Antoni Gaudi (Hiszpania)
- Arthur H. Mackmurdo Aubrey Beardsley (Anglia)
- Victor Horta (Belgia)
- Henry van de Velde (Belgia)
- Gustav Klimt (Austria)
- Otto Wagner (Austria)
- Alfons Mucha (Czechy)
- Stanisław Wyspiański (Polska)
- Józef Mehoffer (Polska)
Przykłady sztuki secesyjnej
Hektor Guimard: wejście do metra w Paryżu.
Antonio Gaudí: Kościół Sagrada Familia, Casa Mila, Casa Batlo, Barcelona.
Paul Sérusier: Talizman.
Alfons Mucha: plakaty i grafiki reklamowe, np. plakat reklamujący bibułkę do papierosów „Job„.
Gustaw Klimt: Pocałunek, Judyta i Holofernes, fresk Oda do radości.
Aubrey Beardsley: Pawia suknia, Salome.
Stanisław Wyspiański: Witraż „Bóg Ojciec – stań się”
Secesyjne miasta – co warto zobaczyć?
- Barcelona – w stolicy Katalonii możemy podziwiać budynki zaprojektowane przez architektonicznego geniusza Antoniego Gaudiego: Sagrada Família, Park Güell, Casa Milà, Casa Batlló, jak i dzieła innych projektantów: Pałac Muzyki Katalońskiej, Pomnik Kolumba czy La Boqueria.
- Ryga – to wyjątkowe miasto do podziwiania tego stylu, gdyż jedna trzecia budynków jest właśnie w stylu secesyjnym. Warto pójść na Albert Street, by zobaczyć dzieła Michaiła Eisensteina.
- Paryż – dzięki Hectorowi Guimardowi w tym mieście powstało 50 budynków jego projektu, jednak sławny jest przede wszystkim jako autor wejść do paryskiego metra. Niestety tylko część jego dzieł zachowała się do tej pory, np.: Synagoga de la rue Pavée w Paryżu, Castel Béranger, Maison Coilliot czy Hôtel Guimard.
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